Reasoning (Logical)
In the following questions are given two statements and two conclusions no. 1 and 2. You have to decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two given statements.Your answers:
(a) If only conclusion 1 follows.
(b) If only conclusion 2 follows.
(c) If either 1 or 2 follows.
(d) If neither 1 nor 2 follows.
Q-1 Statements: All pens are copies.
Some copies are magazines.
Conclusions: (1) All magazines are pens.
(2) Some pens are magazines.
Q-2 Statements: All girls are honest.
Sudha is honest.
Conclusions: (1) Sudha is a girl.
(2) All honest ladies are girls.
Q-3 Statements: All cups are hats.
No hat a bottle.
Conclusions: (1) No cup is a bottle.
(2) No bottle is a cup.
Q-4 Statements: All spoons are chairs.
Some books are spoons.
Conclusions: (1) Some spoons are books.
(2) Some books are spoons.
Q-5 Statements: Some mangoes are grapes.
All trees are branches.
Conclusions: (1) No branch is mango.
(2) All trees are mangoes.
Q-6 Statements: Some chairs are table.
Some tables are bottles.
Conclusions: (1) Some chairs are bottles.
(2) Some bottles are chairs.
Q-7 Statements: All workers in my office are honest.
Sahil is not honest.
Conclusions: (1) Sahil is not worker of my office.
(2) Sahil must speak truth.
Q-8 Statements: Some computers are men.
Some men are singers.
Conclusions: (1) Some computers are singer.
(2) Some singers are computers.
Q-9 Statements: Some teachers are parents.
All parents are students.
Conclusions: (1) Some teachers are students.
(2) All students are parents.
Q-10 Statements: Some girls are doctors.
No doctor is a boy.
Conclusions: (1) Some doctors are not boys.
(2) Some boys are doctors.
Q-11 Statements: All boxes are keys.
Some keys are locks.
Conclusions: (1) Some keys are boxes.
(2) Some locks are boxes.
Q-12 Statements: Some rooms are windows.
All bricks are rooms.
Conclusions: (1) Some bricks are windows.
(2) Some windows are bricks.
Q-13 Statements: All sparrows are branches.
Some branches are parrots.
Conclusions: (1) Some sparrows are parrots.
(2) Some parrots are branches.
Q-14 Statements: Some dogs are peacocks.
All cows are peacocks.
Conclusions: (1) Some cows are dogs.
(2) Some peacocks are dogs.
Q-15 Statements: All cats are animals.
Dog is animal.
Conclusions: (1) Dog is a cat.
(2) All animals are cats.
Q-16 Statements: All trains are aero plane.
Some Aero plane is ships.
Conclusions: (1) All ships are trains.
(2) Some trains are ships.
Q-17 Statements: All traders are shopkeepers.
Some shopkeepers are owner.
Conclusions: (1) Some shopkeepers are traders.
(2) Some owners are traders.
Q-18 Statements: All pens are pencils.
All pencils are pursers.
Conclusions: (1) All pens are pencils.
(2) All pencils are pens.
Q-19 Statements: Some spoons are cups.
All cups are jugs.
Conclusions: (1) No jug is spoon.
(2) All cups are spoons.
Q-20 Statements: Some people are rich.
Some rich persons are honest.
Conclusions: (1) Some people are honest.
(2) Some rich persons are not honest.
Q-21 Statements: All beautiful ladies are modern.
No modern women are uneducated.
Conclusions: (1) No ladies are uneducated.
(2) No beautiful women are uneducated.
Q-22 Statements: Ram is a good teacher.
Teachers are intelligent.
Conclusions: (1) All intelligent persons are teachers.
(2) Ram is intelligent.
Q-23 Statements: All bags are suitcases.
Some locks are suitcases.
Conclusions: (1) Some bags are locks.
(2) Some locks are bags.
Q-24 Statements: Some dogs are cats.
All cats are sparrows.
Conclusions: (1) Some sparrows are dogs.
(2) Some dogs are sparrows.
Q-25 Statements: No girl is a Queen.
Radha is a girl.
Conclusions: (1) Radha is not a queen.
(2) All girls are not Radha.
Answers With Reasons:
1(d) First premise being an ‘A’ type proposition, distributes subject only middle term ‘copies’ forming the predicate is not distributed.
2 premise being an ‘I’ type proposition distributes neither the subject nor the predicate. The middle term is not distributed at least once in the premises.
2(d) Both premises are ‘A’ type proposition middle term ‘honest’ forming the predicate ion each is not distributed. So the middle term is not distributed at least once no conclusion follows.
3(a) 2 premise is Negative then the conclusion must be negative. Only conclusion 1 follows.
4(d) 1 premise is an ‘A’ type proposition. The middle term ‘chairs’ making the predicate is not distributed.
2nd premise is an ‘I’ type proposition. So the middle term is not distributed.
5(d) the first premise is particular, and then the conclusion must be particular. Neither conclusion 1 nor 2 follows.
6(d) both the premises are particular, no conclusion follows.
7(a) one premise is negative, and then the conclusion must be negative.
8(d) both premises are particular, no conclusion follows.
9(a) First premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. Only conclusion 1 follows.
10(d) one premise is negative, conclusion must be negative.
11(d) The middle term ‘keys’ forming the predicate is not distributed in the first premise because ‘A’ type propositions distribute only the subject. It is not distributed in the second premise which forms the ‘I’ type proposition.
12(d) First premise an ‘I’ type proposition, then the middle term ‘rooms’ forming the subject is not distributed.
Second premise is an ‘A’ type proposition the middle term ‘rooms forming the predicate are not distributed.
13(a) one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. Conclusions 2’ can not follows it contains the middle term.
14(b) First premise is particular. The conclusion must be particular. The 2 conclusion cannot follow as it contains the middle term. Only conclusion 1 follows.
15(a) one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. 2 conclusions cannot follow as it contains the middle term. Only conclusion 1 follows.
16(d) first premise an ‘A’ type preposition. Middle term ‘aero plane’ forming the predicate is not distributed. Second premise, being an ‘I’ type proposition distributes neither the subject nor the predicate.
17(d) The middle term ‘shopkeepers’ forming the predicate is not distributed in the first premise because ‘A’ type prepositions distribute only the subject.
18(a) both the premises are affirmative, then the conclusion must be affirmative and only conclusion 1 follows.
19(d) the first premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. Neither conclusion 1 nor 2 follows.
20(d) both the premises are particular, no conclusion follows.
21(d) No conclusion follows there is no middle term.
22(b) ‘II’ conclusion cannot follow as it contains the middle term only conclusion 1 follows.
23(d) the first premise is an ‘A’ type proposition. The middle term ‘suitcase’ forming the predicate is not distributed.
Second premise is an ‘I’ type proposition. The middle term forming the predicate is not distributed.
24(b) First premise is a particular the conclusion must be particular 1 conclusion cannot follow as it contains the middle term.
25(a) First premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative, and the conclusion 1 follows.
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